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Matrilineality in Judaism is the view that people born of a Jewish mother are themselves Jewish. The Torah does not explicitly discuss the conferring of Jewish status through matrilineality. The ''Tanakh'' (Hebrew Bible) also provides many examples of Israelite men whose children begotten through foreign women appear to have been accepted as Israelite. In contrast, Jewish oral tradition codified in Mishnah in the 2nd century CE serves as the basis of a shift in Rabbinic Judaism from patrilineal to matrilineal descent. The Mishnah (Kiddushin 3:12) states that, to be a Jew, one must be either the child of a Jewish mother or a convert to Judaism, (''ger tzedek'', "righteous convert"). Orthodox opinion regards this rule as dating from receipt of the Torah at Mount Sinai, but most non-Orthodox scholars regard it as originating either at the time of Ezra (4th Century BCE) or during the period of Roman rule in the 1st–2nd centuries CE, as patrilineal descent is known to have been the standard of Judaism prior to that time. In the Hellenistic period of the 4th Century BCE – 1st Century CE some evidence may be interpreted to indicate that the offspring of intermarriages between Jewish men and non-Jewish women were considered Jewish;〔Flavius Josephus, ''Antiquities of the Jews'' 16.225, 18.109, 18.139, 18.141, 14.8–10, 14.121, 14.403, or, according to one of his statements, "half-Jewish"〕 as is usual in prerabbinic texts, there is no mention of conversion on the part of the Gentile spouse. On the other hand, Philo of Alexandria calls the child of a Jew and a non-Jew a ''nothos'' (bastard), regardless of whether the non-Jewish parent is the father or the mother.〔''On the Life of Moses'' 2.36.193, ''On the Virtues'' 40.224, ''On the Life of Moses'' 1.27.147〕 Karaite Judaism holds that Judaism can only be transmitted through the father, and thus holds a rule of patrilineality. As a result, historical Karaite Jewish and Rabbinical Jewish communities would usually not intermarry with each other, even when the two Jewish communities lived side by side, such as in Alexandria and the Crimea. Karaite Judaism argues that Jewish identity can only be passed through the father, since all Jewish descent in the Tanakh is traced patrilineally.〔Yaron, Y., Joe Pessah, and Abraham Qanai. An Introduction to Karaite Judaism: History, Theology, Practice, and Culture. N.p.: Qirqisani Center, 2003. Print.〕 With the emergence of Jewish denominations and the modern rise in Jewish intermarriage in the 20th century, questions about the law of matrilineal descent have assumed greater importance to the Jewish community at large. The heterogeneous Jewish community is divided on the issue of "Who is a Jew?" via descent; matrilineal descent still is the rule within Orthodox Judaism, which also holds that anyone with a Jewish mother has an irrevocable Jewish status, and matrilineal descent is the norm in the Conservative movement. Since 1983, Reform Judaism in the United States of America officially adopted a bilineal policy: one is a Jew if either of one's parents is Jewish, provided that either (a) one is raised as a Jew, by Reform standards, or (b) one engages in an appropriate act of public identification, formalizing a practice that had been common in Reform synagogues for at least a generation. Karaite Judaism, which includes only the Tanakh in its canon, interprets the Torah to indicate that Jewishness passes exclusively through the father's line, maintaining the system of patrilineality that many scholars believe was the practice of ancient Israel. == Biblical references == In Numbers 27:7 God gave a unique gift to Israelites: bloodline passed to daughters if no male heirs were born. In Numbers 36:4 when this is questioned, Moses says the inheritance belongs to the women as long as they marry within their own tribe. Later, in 1 Chronicles 2:21-23; 7:14 we see Jair, called "Jair son of Manasseh" but is actually "son of Manasseh's granddaughter" In the Torah, the sons of the Levite Moses, Gershom and Eliezer, by his wife Zipporah daughter of the Midianite priest Jethro, are also not explicitly referenced as being Jews. Professor Shaye J. D. Cohen of Harvard University states: Numerous Israelites heroes and kings married foreign women: for example, Judah married a Canaanite, Joseph an Egyptian, Moses a Midianite and an Ethiopian, David a Philistine, and Solomon women of every description. By her marriage with an Israelite man a foreign women joined the clan, people, and religion of her husband. It never occurred to anyone in pre-exilic times to argue that such marriages were null and void, that foreign women must "convert" to Judaism, or that the off-spring of the marriage were not Israelite if the women did not convert. In contrast, the Book of Ezra relates that the prophet Ezra, a Jewish priestly scribe, commanded his Jewish followers amidst the Babylonian captivity (c. 459 BCE) to divorce their foreign wives, and this sometimes has been regarded as the foundation of the present rule. According to the Bible, Ezra resolved the identity threat which arose by the intermarriage between Jews and foreigners and provided a definite reading of the Torah. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Matrilineality in Judaism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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